Over the last decade, rotavirus G1 has represented the most common genotype worldwide. The range of rotavirus strains co-circulating in the world is diverse, with emerging and predominant strains varying between regions and from year to year. Since these outbreaks have occurred, group C rotaviruses have been occasionally detected in sporadic cases of diarrhea in the United States, South Africa, and other countries, confirming its role as an emerging pathogen. Outbreaks of these rotaviruses have occurred in Japan and England. Group C rotaviruses were first recognized as a causative agent of gastroenteritis in animals. Infections due to the endemic CAL-1 strain of rotavirus B occurred in 1998 in Kolkata, which is the capital of India's West Bengal state. Rotavirus B is notable for causing major epidemics of severe diarrhea affecting thousands of people in China, primarily as a result of sewage contamination of drinking water. During 2005, the largest recorded epidemic occurred in Nicaragua as a result of mutations in the rotavirus A genome. A large outbreak occurred in Brazil in 1977, and in 1981 an outbreak caused by contaminated municipal water was noted in Colorado. Outbreaks of rotavirus group A diarrhea are widespread among hospitalized infants, young children in day-care centers, and elderly people in nursing homes. Furthermore, although there has been a downward trend in the number of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis, viral infections, particularly those caused by rotavirus, have remained stable. To this end, the ability of rotaviruses to exchange genetic material between human and animal viruses during co-infection results in the generation of novel viruses.īy using various surveillance and diagnostic methods and techniques, the estimations state that rotavirus infections cause around half of all gastroenteritis in children less than five years of age. Interspecies transmission plays a crucial role in the diversity of rotaviruses. One of the major challenges in epidemiological studies is the rapid evolution of rotaviruses via different mechanisms. Therefore, a major emphasis has been put on the development of a safe and effective vaccine for use in early infancy. Additionally, these viruses are responsible for over 500,000 visits to a medical practitioner annually in the United States alone. Rotaviruses are thought to cause more than 800,000 deaths annually in children aged less than 5 years in developing countries. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon / Introduction The infection caused by these agents is common in both tropical and temperate climatic areas and shows distinct seasonality. Rotaviruses are non-enveloped viruses of the family Reoviridae and a major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea both in developed and developing countries.
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